在这个过程中,最先启动的是人体的先天性免疫反应,大部分人都可以通过先天性免疫反应限制病毒到达肺泡并防止出现组织损伤,在这个情况下,新冠病毒感染仅仅会导致轻度和中度的呼吸系统症状,患者不需要特殊的治疗就可以康复。这揭示了新冠病毒流行初期女性感染重症症状及死亡率都低于男性的原因——女性的先天性免疫反应能力高于男性。但遗憾的是,如果初始的免疫反应没能及时地遏制住病毒,导致病毒向肺部传播,那么有可能导致严重的免疫反应,包括肺水肿、空气交换功能障碍等;另外病毒可能进一步通过血液传播,引起全身炎症,导致感染性休克以及重要器官肝肾等的器官衰竭。有效的免疫反应可以及时的遏制新冠病毒的发展,但是如果免疫反应无法及时迅速发挥作用,则可能导致进一步的新冠病毒感染并诱发死亡.图片来源:Mesenchymal stem cell therapies for COVID-19: Current status and mechanism of action.由于我们对新冠病毒感染和发展至重症的各个阶段有了更为清晰的了解,干细胞治疗在对抗新冠病毒感染的各个阶段也有了对应的研究。人们将干细胞治疗对抗新冠病毒感染的作用分成以下四个部分:
图片来源:Mesenchymal stem cell therapies for COVID-19: Current status and mechanism of action.分别是抗菌作用、免疫调节作用、抗凋亡作用以及修复再生作用。通过这4个作用,干细胞疗法可以在前期有效地切断新冠病毒向肺部转移;中期有效地调节肺部免疫环境;并在后期重建和修复肺部损伤。当然这几个作用在治疗中可以同时发挥作用。也是因为人们更加了解新冠病毒以及干细胞在新冠病毒感染及发病整个过程中的作用,干细胞在新冠病毒感染患者的治疗中也得到了进一步的应用。下图则为2020年下半年不同国家注册的关于干细胞治疗新冠病毒感染患者的临床试验申请。该时间节点临床注册试验.图片来源:Mesenchymal stem cell therapies for COVID-19: Current status and mechanism of action在这一阶段,干细胞疗法用于新冠病毒感染患者治疗的临床试验已经越来越多。其中包括2020年9月,中国科学院院士王福生在第十三届中国生物产业大会公布的干细胞治疗新冠肺炎患者的Ⅱ期临床研究结果,不过相比较于初始探索,后续的治疗患者的数量开始增加,从最初的1例、7例到后续的几十例和上百例,这增加了临床实验的整体评估和研究结果出来的时长。在这个过程中,人们也开始对间充质干细胞的预处理、给药途径、治疗剂量及频率以及应用在新冠病毒感染的阶段进行了探索性的研究,以寻找到干细胞治疗的最佳时机以及最佳剂量。在这一阶段,干细胞治疗已经正式进入作为一款药物治疗新冠病毒感染的探索期,寻找最佳的干细胞治疗方案成为研究的重要目标。而在接下来的2021年,干细胞疗法将在新冠病毒治疗的临床试验中发挥更多的作用。
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Human umbilical cordmesenchymal stromal cell treatment of severe COVID-19 patients: a3-month follow-up study following hospital discharge. Stem Cells Dev.2021;30:773–81.关注“药时代”微信公众号,获取更多精彩内容 ↓ ↓ ↓